Thoracic imaging of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children: a series of 91 cases.
Identifieur interne : 000373 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000372; suivant : 000374Thoracic imaging of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children: a series of 91 cases.
Auteurs : Pablo Caro-Dominguez [Espagne] ; Susan Cheng Shelmerdine [Royaume-Uni] ; Seema Toso [Suisse] ; Aurelio Secinaro [Italie] ; Paolo Toma [Italie] ; Maria Beatrice Damasio [Italie] ; María Navallas [Espagne] ; Lucia Riaza-Martin [Espagne] ; David Gomez-Pastrana [Espagne] ; Maryam Ghadimi Mahani [États-Unis] ; Sarah M. Desoky [États-Unis] ; Carlos F. Ugas Charcape [Pérou] ; Judith Almanza-Aranda [Mexique] ; Maria Elena Ucar [Argentine] ; Jovan Lovrenski [Serbie] ; Sureyya Burcu Gorkem [Turquie] ; Efthymia Alexopoulou [Grèce] ; Pierluigi Ciet [Pays-Bas] ; Joost Van Schuppen [Pays-Bas] ; Hubert Ducou Le Pointe [France] ; Hyun Woo Goo [Corée du Sud] ; Christian J. Kellenberger [Suisse] ; Maria Raissaki [Grèce] ; Catherine M. Owens [Royaume-Uni, Qatar] ; Franz Wolfgang Hirsch [Allemagne] ; Rick R. Van Rijn [Pays-Bas]Source :
- Pediatric radiology [ 1432-1998 ] ; 2020.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Adolescent (MeSH), Betacoronavirus (MeSH), Enfant (MeSH), Enfant d'âge préscolaire (MeSH), Femelle (MeSH), Humains (MeSH), Infections à coronavirus (imagerie diagnostique), Mâle (MeSH), Nourrisson (MeSH), Nouveau-né (MeSH), Pandémies (MeSH), Pneumopathie virale (imagerie diagnostique), Poumon (imagerie diagnostique), Radiographie thoracique (méthodes), Reproductibilité des résultats (MeSH), Tomodensitométrie (méthodes), Études rétrospectives (MeSH).
- MESH :
- imagerie diagnostique : Infections à coronavirus, Pneumopathie virale, Poumon.
- méthodes : Radiographie thoracique, Tomodensitométrie.
- Adolescent, Betacoronavirus, Enfant, Enfant d'âge préscolaire, Femelle, Humains, Mâle, Nourrisson, Nouveau-né, Pandémies, Reproductibilité des résultats, Études rétrospectives.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adolescent (MeSH), Betacoronavirus (MeSH), Child (MeSH), Child, Preschool (MeSH), Coronavirus Infections (diagnostic imaging), Female (MeSH), Humans (MeSH), Infant (MeSH), Infant, Newborn (MeSH), Lung (diagnostic imaging), Male (MeSH), Pandemics (MeSH), Pneumonia, Viral (diagnostic imaging), Radiography, Thoracic (methods), Reproducibility of Results (MeSH), Retrospective Studies (MeSH), Tomography, X-Ray Computed (methods).
- MESH :
- diagnostic imaging : Coronavirus Infections, Lung, Pneumonia, Viral.
- methods : Radiography, Thoracic, Tomography, X-Ray Computed.
- Adolescent, Betacoronavirus, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Pandemics, Reproducibility of Results, Retrospective Studies.
Abstract
BACKGROUND
Pulmonary infection with SARS-CoV-2 virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; COVID-19) has rapidly spread worldwide to become a global pandemic.
OBJECTIVE
To collect paediatric COVID-19 cases worldwide and to summarize both clinical and imaging findings in children who tested positive on polymerase chain reaction testing for SARS-CoV-2.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Data were collected by completion of a standardised case report form submitted to the office of the European Society of Paediatric Radiology from March 12 to April 8, 2020. Chest imaging findings in children younger than 18 years old who tested positive on polymerase chain reaction testing for SARS-CoV-2 were included. Representative imaging studies were evaluated by multiple senior paediatric radiologists from this group with expertise in paediatric chest imaging.
RESULTS
Ninety-one children were included (49 males; median age: 6.1 years, interquartile range: 1.0 to 13.0 years, range: 9 days-17 years). Most had mild symptoms, mostly fever and cough, and one-third had coexisting medical conditions. Eleven percent of children presented with severe symptoms and required intensive unit care. Chest radiographs were available in 89% of patients and 10% of them were normal. Abnormal chest radiographs showed mainly perihilar bronchial wall thickening (58%) and/or airspace consolidation (35%). Computed tomography (CT) scans were available in 26% of cases, with the most common abnormality being ground glass opacities (88%) and/or airspace consolidation (58%). Tree in bud opacities were seen in 6 of 24 CTs (25%). Lung ultrasound and chest magnetic resonance imaging were rarely utilized.
CONCLUSION
It seems unnecessary to perform chest imaging in children to diagnose COVID-19. Chest radiography can be used in symptomatic children to assess airway infection or pneumonia. CT should be reserved for when there is clinical concern to assess for possible complications, especially in children with coexisting medical conditions.
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-020-04747-5
PubMed: 32749530
PubMed Central: PMC7399600
Affiliations:
- Allemagne, Argentine, Corée du Sud, Espagne, France, Grèce, Italie, Mexique, Pays-Bas, Pérou, Qatar, Royaume-Uni, Serbie, Suisse, Turquie, États-Unis
- Angleterre, Arizona, Attique (région), Catalogne, Communauté de Madrid, District de Leipzig, Grand Londres, Hollande-Méridionale, Hollande-Septentrionale, Latium, Michigan, Région capitale de Séoul, Saxe (Land), Île-de-France
- Amsterdam, Athènes, Barcelone, Leipzig, Londres, Madrid, Paris, Rome, Rotterdam, Séoul
- Université d'Amsterdam
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
Le document en format XML
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Radiologia, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>U.O.C. Radiologia, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Genoa</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Navallas, Maria" sort="Navallas, Maria" uniqKey="Navallas M" first="María" last="Navallas">María Navallas</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Radiología Pediátrica, Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Radiología Pediátrica, Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Riaza Martin, Lucia" sort="Riaza Martin, Lucia" uniqKey="Riaza Martin L" first="Lucia" last="Riaza-Martin">Lucia Riaza-Martin</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Radiología Pediátrica, Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Radiología Pediátrica, Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gomez Pastrana, David" sort="Gomez Pastrana, David" uniqKey="Gomez Pastrana D" first="David" last="Gomez-Pastrana">David Gomez-Pastrana</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Neumología Pediátrica, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Neumología Pediátrica, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cádiz</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ghadimi Mahani, Maryam" sort="Ghadimi Mahani, Maryam" uniqKey="Ghadimi Mahani M" first="Maryam" last="Ghadimi Mahani">Maryam Ghadimi Mahani</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Section of Pediatric Radiology, C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, Department of Radiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Section of Pediatric Radiology, C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, Department of Radiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Michigan</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Desoky, Sarah M" sort="Desoky, Sarah M" uniqKey="Desoky S" first="Sarah M" last="Desoky">Sarah M. Desoky</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Arizona</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ugas Charcape, Carlos F" sort="Ugas Charcape, Carlos F" uniqKey="Ugas Charcape C" first="Carlos F" last="Ugas Charcape">Carlos F. Ugas Charcape</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Imaging, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño San Borja, Lima, Peru.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pérou</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Imaging, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño San Borja, Lima</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lima</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Almanza Aranda, Judith" sort="Almanza Aranda, Judith" uniqKey="Almanza Aranda J" first="Judith" last="Almanza-Aranda">Judith Almanza-Aranda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Imaging Department, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea>Imaging Department, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ciudad de México</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ucar, Maria Elena" sort="Ucar, Maria Elena" uniqKey="Ucar M" first="Maria Elena" last="Ucar">Maria Elena Ucar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Radiologia Pediatrica, Sor Maria Ludovica Children's Hospital, La Plata, Argentina.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Argentine</country><wicri:regionArea>Radiologia Pediatrica, Sor Maria Ludovica Children's Hospital, La Plata</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>La Plata</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lovrenski, Jovan" sort="Lovrenski, Jovan" uniqKey="Lovrenski J" first="Jovan" last="Lovrenski">Jovan Lovrenski</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Institute for Children and Adolescents Health Care of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Serbie</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Institute for Children and Adolescents Health Care of Vojvodina, Novi Sad</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Novi Sad</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gorkem, Sureyya Burcu" sort="Gorkem, Sureyya Burcu" uniqKey="Gorkem S" first="Sureyya Burcu" last="Gorkem">Sureyya Burcu Gorkem</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Paediatric Radiology Section, Children's Hospital Department of Radiology, Kayseri, Turkey.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea>Paediatric Radiology Section, Children's Hospital Department of Radiology, Kayseri</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kayseri</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alexopoulou, Efthymia" sort="Alexopoulou, Efthymia" uniqKey="Alexopoulou E" first="Efthymia" last="Alexopoulou">Efthymia Alexopoulou</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Paediatric Radiology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Paediatric Radiology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Athènes</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Attique (région)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ciet, Pierluigi" sort="Ciet, Pierluigi" uniqKey="Ciet P" first="Pierluigi" last="Ciet">Pierluigi Ciet</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rotterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Schuppen, Joost" sort="Van Schuppen, Joost" uniqKey="Van Schuppen J" first="Joost" last="Van Schuppen">Joost Van Schuppen</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ducou Le Pointe, Hubert" sort="Ducou Le Pointe, Hubert" uniqKey="Ducou Le Pointe H" first="Hubert" last="Ducou Le Pointe">Hubert Ducou Le Pointe</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Imaging Department, Trousseau Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Imaging Department, Trousseau Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goo, Hyun Woo" sort="Goo, Hyun Woo" uniqKey="Goo H" first="Hyun Woo" last="Goo">Hyun Woo Goo</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Séoul</settlement><region type="capital">Région capitale de Séoul</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kellenberger, Christian J" sort="Kellenberger, Christian J" uniqKey="Kellenberger C" first="Christian J" last="Kellenberger">Christian J. Kellenberger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Diagnostic Imaging, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Diagnostic Imaging, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Zurich</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raissaki, Maria" sort="Raissaki, Maria" uniqKey="Raissaki M" first="Maria" last="Raissaki">Maria Raissaki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Crete, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Crete</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Crete</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Owens, Catherine M" sort="Owens, Catherine M" uniqKey="Owens C" first="Catherine M" last="Owens">Catherine M. Owens</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Trust, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Trust, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Radiology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Qatar</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Radiology, Sidra Medicine, Doha</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Doha</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hirsch, Franz Wolfgang" sort="Hirsch, Franz Wolfgang" uniqKey="Hirsch F" first="Franz Wolfgang" last="Hirsch">Franz Wolfgang Hirsch</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Paediatric Radiology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Paediatric Radiology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Leipzig</region><settlement type="city">Leipzig</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Rijn, Rick R" sort="Van Rijn, Rick R" uniqKey="Van Rijn R" first="Rick R" last="Van Rijn">Rick R. Van Rijn</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2020">2020</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:32749530</idno><idno type="pmid">32749530</idno><idno type="doi">10.1007/s00247-020-04747-5</idno><idno type="pmc">PMC7399600</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000740</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000740</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000740</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">000740</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000740</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">Thoracic imaging of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children: a series of 91 cases.</title><author><name sortKey="Caro Dominguez, Pablo" sort="Caro Dominguez, Pablo" uniqKey="Caro Dominguez P" first="Pablo" last="Caro-Dominguez">Pablo Caro-Dominguez</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Unidad de Radiologia Pediatrica, Servicio de Radiologia, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Avenida Manuel Siurot s/n, CP 41013, Sevilla, Spain. pablocaro82@hotmail.com.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Unidad de Radiologia Pediatrica, Servicio de Radiologia, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Avenida Manuel Siurot s/n, CP 41013, Sevilla</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Sevilla</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Shelmerdine, Susan Cheng" sort="Shelmerdine, Susan Cheng" uniqKey="Shelmerdine S" first="Susan Cheng" last="Shelmerdine">Susan Cheng Shelmerdine</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Trust, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Trust, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Trust, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Trust, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Toso, Seema" sort="Toso, Seema" uniqKey="Toso S" first="Seema" last="Toso">Seema Toso</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Diagnostics, Pediatric Radiology, Geneva Children's Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Diagnostics, Pediatric Radiology, Geneva Children's Hospitals, Geneva</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Geneva</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Secinaro, Aurelio" sort="Secinaro, Aurelio" uniqKey="Secinaro A" first="Aurelio" last="Secinaro">Aurelio Secinaro</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Imaging, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesu, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Imaging, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesu, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Toma, Paolo" sort="Toma, Paolo" uniqKey="Toma P" first="Paolo" last="Toma">Paolo Toma</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Imaging, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesu, Rome, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Imaging, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesu, Rome</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rome</settlement><region nuts="2">Latium</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Damasio, Maria Beatrice" sort="Damasio, Maria Beatrice" uniqKey="Damasio M" first="Maria Beatrice" last="Damasio">Maria Beatrice Damasio</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>U.O.C. Radiologia, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Italie</country><wicri:regionArea>U.O.C. Radiologia, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Genoa</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Navallas, Maria" sort="Navallas, Maria" uniqKey="Navallas M" first="María" last="Navallas">María Navallas</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Radiología Pediátrica, Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Radiología Pediátrica, Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Madrid</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Communauté de Madrid</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Riaza Martin, Lucia" sort="Riaza Martin, Lucia" uniqKey="Riaza Martin L" first="Lucia" last="Riaza-Martin">Lucia Riaza-Martin</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Radiología Pediátrica, Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Radiología Pediátrica, Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Barcelone</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Catalogne</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gomez Pastrana, David" sort="Gomez Pastrana, David" uniqKey="Gomez Pastrana D" first="David" last="Gomez-Pastrana">David Gomez-Pastrana</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Neumología Pediátrica, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz, Spain.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Espagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Neumología Pediátrica, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Cádiz</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ghadimi Mahani, Maryam" sort="Ghadimi Mahani, Maryam" uniqKey="Ghadimi Mahani M" first="Maryam" last="Ghadimi Mahani">Maryam Ghadimi Mahani</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Section of Pediatric Radiology, C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, Department of Radiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Section of Pediatric Radiology, C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, Department of Radiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Michigan</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Desoky, Sarah M" sort="Desoky, Sarah M" uniqKey="Desoky S" first="Sarah M" last="Desoky">Sarah M. Desoky</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Arizona</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ugas Charcape, Carlos F" sort="Ugas Charcape, Carlos F" uniqKey="Ugas Charcape C" first="Carlos F" last="Ugas Charcape">Carlos F. Ugas Charcape</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Imaging, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño San Borja, Lima, Peru.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pérou</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Imaging, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño San Borja, Lima</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Lima</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Almanza Aranda, Judith" sort="Almanza Aranda, Judith" uniqKey="Almanza Aranda J" first="Judith" last="Almanza-Aranda">Judith Almanza-Aranda</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Imaging Department, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Mexique</country><wicri:regionArea>Imaging Department, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Ciudad de México</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ucar, Maria Elena" sort="Ucar, Maria Elena" uniqKey="Ucar M" first="Maria Elena" last="Ucar">Maria Elena Ucar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Radiologia Pediatrica, Sor Maria Ludovica Children's Hospital, La Plata, Argentina.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Argentine</country><wicri:regionArea>Radiologia Pediatrica, Sor Maria Ludovica Children's Hospital, La Plata</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>La Plata</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lovrenski, Jovan" sort="Lovrenski, Jovan" uniqKey="Lovrenski J" first="Jovan" last="Lovrenski">Jovan Lovrenski</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Institute for Children and Adolescents Health Care of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Serbie</country><wicri:regionArea>Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Institute for Children and Adolescents Health Care of Vojvodina, Novi Sad</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Novi Sad</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gorkem, Sureyya Burcu" sort="Gorkem, Sureyya Burcu" uniqKey="Gorkem S" first="Sureyya Burcu" last="Gorkem">Sureyya Burcu Gorkem</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Paediatric Radiology Section, Children's Hospital Department of Radiology, Kayseri, Turkey.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Turquie</country><wicri:regionArea>Paediatric Radiology Section, Children's Hospital Department of Radiology, Kayseri</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Kayseri</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Alexopoulou, Efthymia" sort="Alexopoulou, Efthymia" uniqKey="Alexopoulou E" first="Efthymia" last="Alexopoulou">Efthymia Alexopoulou</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Paediatric Radiology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Paediatric Radiology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Athènes</settlement><region nuts="2" type="region">Attique (région)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ciet, Pierluigi" sort="Ciet, Pierluigi" uniqKey="Ciet P" first="Pierluigi" last="Ciet">Pierluigi Ciet</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Rotterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Méridionale</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Schuppen, Joost" sort="Van Schuppen, Joost" uniqKey="Van Schuppen J" first="Joost" last="Van Schuppen">Joost Van Schuppen</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ducou Le Pointe, Hubert" sort="Ducou Le Pointe, Hubert" uniqKey="Ducou Le Pointe H" first="Hubert" last="Ducou Le Pointe">Hubert Ducou Le Pointe</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Imaging Department, Trousseau Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Imaging Department, Trousseau Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Goo, Hyun Woo" sort="Goo, Hyun Woo" uniqKey="Goo H" first="Hyun Woo" last="Goo">Hyun Woo Goo</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Corée du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Séoul</settlement><region type="capital">Région capitale de Séoul</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Kellenberger, Christian J" sort="Kellenberger, Christian J" uniqKey="Kellenberger C" first="Christian J" last="Kellenberger">Christian J. Kellenberger</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Diagnostic Imaging, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Suisse</country><wicri:regionArea>Diagnostic Imaging, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Zurich</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Raissaki, Maria" sort="Raissaki, Maria" uniqKey="Raissaki M" first="Maria" last="Raissaki">Maria Raissaki</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Crete, Greece.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Grèce</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Crete</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Crete</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Owens, Catherine M" sort="Owens, Catherine M" uniqKey="Owens C" first="Catherine M" last="Owens">Catherine M. Owens</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Trust, London, UK.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Trust, London</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Londres</settlement><region type="country">Angleterre</region><region type="région" nuts="1">Grand Londres</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Clinical Radiology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Qatar</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Clinical Radiology, Sidra Medicine, Doha</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Doha</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hirsch, Franz Wolfgang" sort="Hirsch, Franz Wolfgang" uniqKey="Hirsch F" first="Franz Wolfgang" last="Hirsch">Franz Wolfgang Hirsch</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:affiliation>Paediatric Radiology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Allemagne</country><wicri:regionArea>Paediatric Radiology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="land" nuts="1">Saxe (Land)</region><region type="district" nuts="2">District de Leipzig</region><settlement type="city">Leipzig</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Van Rijn, Rick R" sort="Van Rijn, Rick R" uniqKey="Van Rijn R" first="Rick R" last="Van Rijn">Rick R. Van Rijn</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:affiliation>Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Pays-Bas</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Amsterdam</settlement><region nuts="2" type="province">Hollande-Septentrionale</region></placeName><orgName type="university">Université d'Amsterdam</orgName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Pediatric radiology</title><idno type="eISSN">1432-1998</idno><imprint><date when="2020" type="published">2020</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent (MeSH)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term><term>Child (MeSH)</term><term>Child, Preschool (MeSH)</term><term>Coronavirus Infections (diagnostic imaging)</term><term>Female (MeSH)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Infant (MeSH)</term><term>Infant, Newborn (MeSH)</term><term>Lung (diagnostic imaging)</term><term>Male (MeSH)</term><term>Pandemics (MeSH)</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral (diagnostic imaging)</term><term>Radiography, Thoracic (methods)</term><term>Reproducibility of Results (MeSH)</term><term>Retrospective Studies (MeSH)</term><term>Tomography, X-Ray Computed (methods)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adolescent (MeSH)</term><term>Betacoronavirus (MeSH)</term><term>Enfant (MeSH)</term><term>Enfant d'âge préscolaire (MeSH)</term><term>Femelle (MeSH)</term><term>Humains (MeSH)</term><term>Infections à coronavirus (imagerie diagnostique)</term><term>Mâle (MeSH)</term><term>Nourrisson (MeSH)</term><term>Nouveau-né (MeSH)</term><term>Pandémies (MeSH)</term><term>Pneumopathie virale (imagerie diagnostique)</term><term>Poumon (imagerie diagnostique)</term><term>Radiographie thoracique (méthodes)</term><term>Reproductibilité des résultats (MeSH)</term><term>Tomodensitométrie (méthodes)</term><term>Études rétrospectives (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="diagnostic imaging" xml:lang="en"><term>Coronavirus Infections</term><term>Lung</term><term>Pneumonia, Viral</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="imagerie diagnostique" xml:lang="fr"><term>Infections à coronavirus</term><term>Pneumopathie virale</term><term>Poumon</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="methods" xml:lang="en"><term>Radiography, Thoracic</term><term>Tomography, X-Ray Computed</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="méthodes" xml:lang="fr"><term>Radiographie thoracique</term><term>Tomodensitométrie</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Betacoronavirus</term><term>Child</term><term>Child, Preschool</term><term>Female</term><term>Humans</term><term>Infant</term><term>Infant, Newborn</term><term>Male</term><term>Pandemics</term><term>Reproducibility of Results</term><term>Retrospective Studies</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Betacoronavirus</term><term>Enfant</term><term>Enfant d'âge préscolaire</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Humains</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Nourrisson</term><term>Nouveau-né</term><term>Pandémies</term><term>Reproductibilité des résultats</term><term>Études rétrospectives</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>BACKGROUND</b></p><p>Pulmonary infection with SARS-CoV-2 virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; COVID-19) has rapidly spread worldwide to become a global pandemic.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>OBJECTIVE</b></p><p>To collect paediatric COVID-19 cases worldwide and to summarize both clinical and imaging findings in children who tested positive on polymerase chain reaction testing for SARS-CoV-2.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS</b></p><p>Data were collected by completion of a standardised case report form submitted to the office of the European Society of Paediatric Radiology from March 12 to April 8, 2020. Chest imaging findings in children younger than 18 years old who tested positive on polymerase chain reaction testing for SARS-CoV-2 were included. Representative imaging studies were evaluated by multiple senior paediatric radiologists from this group with expertise in paediatric chest imaging.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>RESULTS</b></p><p>Ninety-one children were included (49 males; median age: 6.1 years, interquartile range: 1.0 to 13.0 years, range: 9 days-17 years). Most had mild symptoms, mostly fever and cough, and one-third had coexisting medical conditions. Eleven percent of children presented with severe symptoms and required intensive unit care. Chest radiographs were available in 89% of patients and 10% of them were normal. Abnormal chest radiographs showed mainly perihilar bronchial wall thickening (58%) and/or airspace consolidation (35%). Computed tomography (CT) scans were available in 26% of cases, with the most common abnormality being ground glass opacities (88%) and/or airspace consolidation (58%). Tree in bud opacities were seen in 6 of 24 CTs (25%). Lung ultrasound and chest magnetic resonance imaging were rarely utilized.</p></div><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><p><b>CONCLUSION</b></p><p>It seems unnecessary to perform chest imaging in children to diagnose COVID-19. Chest radiography can be used in symptomatic children to assess airway infection or pneumonia. CT should be reserved for when there is clinical concern to assess for possible complications, especially in children with coexisting medical conditions.</p></div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">32749530</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>16</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>16</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print-Electronic"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Electronic">1432-1998</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Internet"><Volume>50</Volume><Issue>10</Issue><PubDate><Year>2020</Year><Month>09</Month></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Pediatric radiology</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Pediatr Radiol</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>Thoracic imaging of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children: a series of 91 cases.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>1354-1368</MedlinePgn></Pagination><ELocationID EIdType="doi" ValidYN="Y">10.1007/s00247-020-04747-5</ELocationID><Abstract><AbstractText Label="BACKGROUND">Pulmonary infection with SARS-CoV-2 virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; COVID-19) has rapidly spread worldwide to become a global pandemic.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="OBJECTIVE">To collect paediatric COVID-19 cases worldwide and to summarize both clinical and imaging findings in children who tested positive on polymerase chain reaction testing for SARS-CoV-2.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="MATERIALS AND METHODS">Data were collected by completion of a standardised case report form submitted to the office of the European Society of Paediatric Radiology from March 12 to April 8, 2020. Chest imaging findings in children younger than 18 years old who tested positive on polymerase chain reaction testing for SARS-CoV-2 were included. Representative imaging studies were evaluated by multiple senior paediatric radiologists from this group with expertise in paediatric chest imaging.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="RESULTS">Ninety-one children were included (49 males; median age: 6.1 years, interquartile range: 1.0 to 13.0 years, range: 9 days-17 years). Most had mild symptoms, mostly fever and cough, and one-third had coexisting medical conditions. Eleven percent of children presented with severe symptoms and required intensive unit care. Chest radiographs were available in 89% of patients and 10% of them were normal. Abnormal chest radiographs showed mainly perihilar bronchial wall thickening (58%) and/or airspace consolidation (35%). Computed tomography (CT) scans were available in 26% of cases, with the most common abnormality being ground glass opacities (88%) and/or airspace consolidation (58%). Tree in bud opacities were seen in 6 of 24 CTs (25%). Lung ultrasound and chest magnetic resonance imaging were rarely utilized.</AbstractText><AbstractText Label="CONCLUSION">It seems unnecessary to perform chest imaging in children to diagnose COVID-19. Chest radiography can be used in symptomatic children to assess airway infection or pneumonia. CT should be reserved for when there is clinical concern to assess for possible complications, especially in children with coexisting medical conditions.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Caro-Dominguez</LastName><ForeName>Pablo</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><Identifier Source="ORCID">0000-0003-3540-6580</Identifier><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Unidad de Radiologia Pediatrica, Servicio de Radiologia, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Avenida Manuel Siurot s/n, CP 41013, Sevilla, Spain. pablocaro82@hotmail.com.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Shelmerdine</LastName><ForeName>Susan Cheng</ForeName><Initials>SC</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Clinical Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Trust, London, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Clinical Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, NHS Trust, London, UK.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Toso</LastName><ForeName>Seema</ForeName><Initials>S</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Diagnostics, Pediatric Radiology, Geneva Children's Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Secinaro</LastName><ForeName>Aurelio</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Imaging, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesu, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Toma</LastName><ForeName>Paolo</ForeName><Initials>P</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Imaging, IRCCS Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesu, Rome, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Damasio</LastName><ForeName>Maria Beatrice</ForeName><Initials>MB</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>U.O.C. Radiologia, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Navallas</LastName><ForeName>María</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Radiología Pediátrica, Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Riaza-Martin</LastName><ForeName>Lucia</ForeName><Initials>L</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Radiología Pediátrica, Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gomez-Pastrana</LastName><ForeName>David</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Neumología Pediátrica, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz, Spain.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ghadimi Mahani</LastName><ForeName>Maryam</ForeName><Initials>M</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Section of Pediatric Radiology, C. S. Mott Children's Hospital, Department of Radiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Desoky</LastName><ForeName>Sarah M</ForeName><Initials>SM</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Medical Imaging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ugas Charcape</LastName><ForeName>Carlos F</ForeName><Initials>CF</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Department of Imaging, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño San Borja, Lima, Peru.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Almanza-Aranda</LastName><ForeName>Judith</ForeName><Initials>J</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>Imaging Department, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de México, Mexico.</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Ucar</LastName><ForeName>Maria 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